ABSTRACT

Global industrialization and rapid population growth are the main causes of heavy metal pollution, which builds up in food webs and poses a serious risk to human health. The pulp and paper, distillery, and tannery industries have rapidly industrialized, resulting in a considerable volume of wastewater and solid waste that is heavily contaminated with various residual organic and inorganic pollutants along with heavy metals. Using plants and the microorganisms that live in them, a novel technique called phytoremediation uses plants to remove poisons from the soil, water, and air. In recent years, there has been much suggestion to use bacterial endophytes to clean up soil contaminated with metals. Through their unique metal resistance mechanism, endophytic bacteria may reduce the toxicity of metals to plants and improve plant development under metal stress. Hence, bacterial endophytes aid in phytoremediation. By secreting low-molecular-weight organic acids and metal-specific ligands like siderophores, which change the pH of the soil and increase binding activity, endophytic bacteria are more likely to increase metal and mineral solubility. In order to assess the possibilities and prospects for industrial wastewater detoxification, this review examined the role of endophytes in bioremediation. This paper presents many pathways that lead to the encouragement of plant development and the detoxification of plants from heavy metals