ABSTRACT

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a respiratory pathogen first identified in 2001, has gained attention due to its role in seasonal outbreaks of respiratory illnesses, particularly in vulnerable populations. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, HMPV shares similarities with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in its clinical presentation, causing symptoms include mild colds to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. This review explores the genetic structure, pathogenesis, immune response, and epidemiology of HMPV, highlighting its transmission mechanisms, diagnosis methods, and treatment challenges. Although primarily affecting adolescent children, aged people, and immunocompromised individuals, HMPV lacks specific antiviral treatments or vaccines, with current management relying on supportive care. Comparative analysis with COVID-19 underscores both shared and distinct characteristics, emphasizing HMPV’s seasonal nature and limited global impact compared to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In India, HMPV poses a potential public health challenge, particularly during co circulation with other respiratory pathogens. Strengthened surveillance, public health measures, and healthcare readiness are essential to mitigate the virus's impact and manage potential outbreaks effectively.