ABSTRACT

The journey from birth to death has long been seen as an unavoidable biological trajectory, but nature’s remarkable exceptionsdefy this principle. Some species,such as Turritopsis dohrnii, T. nutricula (immortal jellyfish), hydra spp., sponges, lobsters, and naked mole rats, exhibit sustained regenerative potential, allowing them to maintain vitality throughout their life. This review delves into the molecular and cellular pathways of senescence and biological immortality, emphasizing telomere dynamics, oxidative stress regulations and autophagy-senescence crosstalk. By comparing the naturally immortal organisms with biological mortal species, it reveals how certain species preserve genetic integrity and tissue renewal.The insights gained from these models could pave the way for future therapeutic approaches, like telomerase modulation, senolytics and regenerative biotechnology that aim to slow down ageing and lengthen human health span.