ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial resistance is a well-known concept and an expanding field of study since it is the main cause of major health problems worldwide. It acts as one of the most dangerous threats confronting humans today. Three bacteria are on the World Health Organization's list and are classified as crucial to the greatest level of concern. All three resistant bacteria belong to the gram-negative group. Extended-spectrum lactamases, AmpC enzymes, and carbapenemase are among the effective mechanisms that have led to the widespread spread of gram-negative bacterial resistance. Antibiotic resistance has evolved across several bacterial strains. Gram-negative bacteria (GNBB) are studied to have a significant resistance pattern against antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria because of their peculiar structure; they can cause major morbidity as well as mortality all over the world. Several tactics for modulating the spread of antibiotic resistivity in the gram-negative bacterial population have been studied and proposed, including the use of novel chemical compounds that have a different mode of action than antibiotics and the development of target molecules that act as receptors to kill resistant bacteria. Through the deactivation of certain resistance mechanisms, some chemical molecules and procedures have exhibited efficacy. Another interesting trend is the development of some compounds that are naturally synthesized and have antibacterial properties, like bacteriophages, DCAP, metal-dependent anti-bacterial agents, Odilo-rhabdins (ODLs), and quorum-sensing (QS) inhibitor. The development of contemporary therapies for Gram-negative bacteria that surpass multiple drugs is the predominant focus of this study, and novel combinations of therapeutic targets are being explored.